Publication date: Aug 01, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the global experience of anxiety and depression owing to social isolation and government-mandated quarantine for transmission reduction. To date, literature surrounding the mental health effects of COVID-19 for the U. S. population is limited. This is a retrospective study from a large metropolitan Detroit health system. Patient encounters between December 23, 2018 and June 22, 2021, with March 23, 2020 being the start of Michigan state-wide lockdown, were used to define pre- and post-COVID-19 encounters, respectively. The data were divided into Detroit and non-Detroit on the basis of patient ZIP code. All patients aged ≥13 years with a visit with a family medicine provider were included. Outcome variables included Patient Health Questionnaires-2 and -9 and General Anxiety Disorder-7 scores; diagnoses of depression, anxiety, adjustment, and grief disorders; antidepressant prescriptions; and behavioral health referrals. Logistic regression was used to determine the incidence of composite mood disorder, depression, and anxiety. A total of 20,970 individuals were included in this study: 10,613 in the Detroit subgroup and 10,357 in the non-Detroit subgroup. A total of 88. 2% of the Detroit population were Black, and 70% were female. Logistic regression shows that the incidence of composite mood disorder decreased with increasing age (OR=0. 787, 0. 608, 0. 422, and 0. 392; p

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