Clinical Spectrum of Long COVID: Effects on Female Reproductive Health.

Publication date: Jul 16, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has presented numerous health challenges, including long-term COVID, which affects female reproductive health. This review consolidates the current research on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the menstrual cycle, ovarian function, fertility, and overall gynecological health. This study emphasizes the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors in viral entry and the subsequent tissue-specific pathological effects. It also explores the potential influence of long COVID on hormonal balance and immune responses, contributing to menstrual irregularities and impaired ovarian function. The findings indicate a higher prevalence of long-term COVID-19 among women, highlighting the substantial implications for reproductive health and the need for sex-sensitive longitudinal studies. Enhanced surveillance and targeted research are essential to develop effective interventions that prioritize women’s reproductive well-being following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review advocates for a sex-informed approach to ongoing COVID-19 research and healthcare strategies, aiming to provide up-to-date and pertinent data for healthcare providers and the general public, ultimately improving outcomes for females affected by long COVID.

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Concepts	Keywords
Date	COVID-19
Enzyme	COVID-19
Gynecological	Female
Pandemic	female reproductive health
Viral	Fertility
	Humans
	long COVID
	Menstrual Cycle
	menstrual irregularities
	ovarian reserve
	Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
	Reproductive Health
	SARS-CoV-2
	sex-specific outcomes

Semantics

Type	Source	Name
disease	MESH	Long COVID
disease	MESH	COVID-19 pandemic
drug	DRUGBANK	Angiotensin II
drug	DRUGBANK	Isoxaflutole
disease	MESH	menstrual irregularities
disease	VO	effective
drug	DRUGBANK	Coenzyme M
disease	MESH	cardiovascular diseases
disease	VO	organization
disease	MESH	infection
disease	VO	population
disease	VO	time
disease	MESH	men 2
disease	MESH	myalgic encephalomyelitis
disease	MESH	postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
drug	DRUGBANK	Factor IX Complex (Human)
disease	MESH	syndrome
disease	VO	organ
disease	VO	Canada
disease	MESH	joint pain
disease	MESH	hair loss
disease	MESH	chest pain
disease	MESH	weight gain
disease	IDO	immune response
disease	MESH	cytokine storms
disease	MESH	abnormalities
disease	MESH	inflammation
disease	MESH	gastrointestinal disorders
pathway	KEGG	Viral replication
pathway	KEGG	Platelet activation
drug	DRUGBANK	Prothrombin
disease	MESH	thrombocytopenia
disease	MESH	disseminated intravascular coagulation
drug	DRUGBANK	Dacarbazine
disease	MESH	Lymphopenia
disease	MESH	venous thromboembolism
disease	MESH	stroke
disease	MESH	psychological stress
disease	IDO	susceptibility
drug	DRUGBANK	Hydrocortisone
disease	MESH	complications
disease	MESH	preeclampsia
drug	DRUGBANK	Tropicamide
disease	IDO	country
disease	MESH	heavy periods
disease	MESH	bleeding
disease	IDO	history
disease	VO	vaccination
disease	MESH	intermenstrual bleeding
disease	IDO	blood
drug	DRUGBANK	Rasagiline
drug	DRUGBANK	Methylergometrine
drug	DRUGBANK	Aldosterone
disease	IDO	quality
disease	MESH	pregnancy outcomes
drug	DRUGBANK	Progesterone
disease	IDO	production
disease	IDO	symptom
drug	DRUGBANK	Somatotropin
disease	MESH	adrenal insufficiencies
disease	MESH	autoimmune diseases
disease	VO	Hormone
disease	VO	vaccine efficacy
disease	VO	vaccine
disease	VO	immunization
drug	DRUGBANK	Testosterone
disease	MESH	infarction
disease	MESH	critical illness
disease	MESH	hypercortisolism
drug	DRUGBANK	Follitropin
drug	DRUGBANK	Gonadorelin
disease	MESH	death
disease	MESH	oxidative stress
disease	MESH	precocious puberty
disease	MESH	lifestyle
pathway	KEGG	GnRH secretion
disease	VO	pregnant women
disease	MESH	aneuploid
disease	IDO	host
disease	IDO	replication
disease	VO	USA
drug	DRUGBANK	Creatinolfosfate
disease	MESH	respiratory failure
drug	DRUGBANK	Serine
disease	MESH	alcohol dependence
drug	DRUGBANK	Ethanol
disease	VO	Em vaccine adjuvant
drug	DRUGBANK	Sulfasalazine
disease	MESH	Hypertension
drug	DRUGBANK	Estradiol
disease	MESH	Cancers
disease	MESH	cognitive impairments
drug	DRUGBANK	Ribostamycin
drug	DRUGBANK	Vorinostat
disease	VO	Pal
disease	MESH	Breast Cancer
pathway	KEGG	Breast cancer
disease	MESH	polycystic ovarian syndrome
disease	MESH	endometriosis
drug	DRUGBANK	Dimercaprol
drug	DRUGBANK	Helium

Original Article

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