Publication date: Oct 14, 2024
In COVID-19 management, a variety of pharmaceutical interventions (PI) and non- pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) were adopted to limit the spread of the disease and its associated deaths. We aimed to evaluate the impact of PI and NPI on risks of COVID-19 transmission and deaths. We collected aggregate data from March 2nd, 2020, to December 1, 2022 from the Tunisian Ministry of Health’s website and OurWorldInData. org site. NPI Periods (NPIP: March 2020 to March 2021) and PI Periods (PIP) were distributed to NPIP1, 2, 3 and 4 and to PIP1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. We calculated the Relative Risks (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) by comparing the subsequent period with previous one. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission increased progressively from the zero cases period (NPIP2) to the mitigate strategy period (NPIP3) (RR = 14. 0; 95% CI: 12. 4-15. 8) and to the stop-and-go epidemic control period (NPIP4) (RR = 23. 1 (95% CI: 22. 4-23. 9). It was stabilized in the targeted vaccination period (PIP1) (RR = 1. 08, 95% CI: 1. 07-1. 08) and reduced during the mass vaccination period (PIP2) (RR: 0. 50, 95% CI: 0. 50-0. 51). SARS-CoV-2 transmission, increased during PIP3 concomitant with the Omicron wave (RR = 2. 65, 95% CI: 2. 64-2. 67). It remained at a low level in PIP4 (RR = 0. 18; 95% CI: 0. 18-0. 18). Compared to NPIP2, NPIP3 and NPIP4 were associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality (RR = 3. 337; 95% CI: 1. 797-6. 195) and (RR = 72. 63 (95% CI: 54. 01-97. 68), respectively. Since the start of the immunization program, the risk of COVID-19 death has consistently decreased. In comparison to each previous period, the risk transitioned in PIP1 to RR = 0. 91; 95% CI: 0. 88-0. 93, then to RR = 0. 85; 95% CI: 0. 83-0. 88 in PIP2, to RR = 0. 47; 95% CI: 0. 45-0. 50 in PIP3, and to RR = 0. 19; 95% CI: 0. 18-0. 24 during PIP4. In terms of lowering the risk of transmission and mortality, the NP strategy at the beginning of the epidemic outperformed the IP strategy during the outbreak.
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Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
| disease | IDO | site |
| disease | MESH | death |
| pathway | REACTOME | Reproduction |
| disease | MESH | Infection |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Coenzyme M |
| disease | IDO | country |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Isoniazid |
| disease | IDO | contact tracing |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Aspartame |
| disease | MESH | chronic diseases |
| disease | IDO | intervention |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Pentaerythritol tetranitrate |
| disease | MESH | emergency |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Trestolone |
| disease | MESH | Coronavirus Infections |
| disease | MESH | Common Cold |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Sulfasalazine |
| disease | MESH | breakthrough infections |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Carboxyamidotriazole |