Long-Term Impacts of COVID-19 on Thyroid Health: Insights From Clinical Studies.

Publication date: Oct 01, 2024

COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 and rapidly became a global pandemic. It has since been associated with the progression of various endocrine disorders, including thyroid disease. The long-term effects of this interplay have yet to be explored. This review explores the relationship between COVID-19 and thyroid diseases, emphasizing thyroid gland function and the clinical implications for managing thyroid disorders in infected individuals. This narrative review intends to provide insight into the scope of research that future clinical studies may aim to address regarding the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on thyroid health. Keywords including “thyroid disease”, “COVID-19”, and “long-term” were used to search PubMed and Google Scholar for updated and relevant clinical research. COVID-19 affects the thyroid gland multifacetedly and includes direct viral invasion, immune-mediated damage, and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption. Approximately 15% of COVID-19 patients experience thyroid dysfunction, which can present as thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTI). Noteworthy findings include inflammatory thyroiditis. Long-term effects, including those observed in children, include persistent hypothyroidism and exacerbated pre-existing thyroid-autoimmune conditions. Management of thyroid disorders in COVID-19 patients requires consideration: anti-thyroid drug (ATD) therapy used to treat hyperthyroidism in COVID-19 patients may need adjustment to prevent immunosuppression. Radioactive iodine (ROI) alternatives and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonists could offer potential benefits and should be further explored. Longitudinal follow-ups post-COVID-19 for patients with new and pre-existing thyroid disorders can improve disease outcomes. In addition, pathophysiological research on thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19 may help develop strategies to prevent and alleviate thyroid gland abnormalities post-COVID-19.

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Concepts Keywords
December clinical trials
Google covid-19
Therapy endocrinology
Thyroiditis long-term
Viral management
thyroiditis

Semantics

Type Source Name
disease MESH COVID-19
disease MESH thyroid disease
disease MESH infection
disease MESH thyrotoxicosis
disease MESH hypothyroidism
disease MESH non-thyroidal illness syndrome
disease MESH thyroiditis
disease MESH hyperthyroidism
disease IDO immunosuppression
drug DRUGBANK Iodine
disease MESH abnormalities
pathway REACTOME Reproduction
disease MESH Emergency
drug DRUGBANK Coenzyme M
pathway REACTOME Metabolism
disease MESH Allergy
disease MESH viral pneumonia
disease MESH obesity
disease MESH chronic conditions
disease IDO protein
drug DRUGBANK Angiotensin II
drug DRUGBANK Aldosterone
drug DRUGBANK Serine
disease IDO host
disease MESH cytokine storm
pathway REACTOME Apoptosis
disease MESH inflammation
disease MESH hypoxia
disease MESH anxiety
disease MESH weight loss
disease MESH recurrence
disease MESH Subacute thyroiditis
disease MESH viral infection
disease MESH mumps
disease MESH measles
pathway KEGG Measles
disease IDO symptom
disease IDO history
drug DRUGBANK Prednisone
drug DRUGBANK Levothyroxine
pathway REACTOME Immune System
disease MESH tremors
disease MESH anorexia

Original Article

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