Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan.

Publication date: Jan 27, 2025

The dispensing of non-prescription antibiotics is a worldwide concern, and antibiotics should only be dispensed with a legitimate prescription. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated client methodology, with data collected, recorded, and analyzed using SPSS. The simulated client visited 210 pharmacies, of which 70 dispensed antibiotics without a prescription. Outcomes The most often suggested antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) were Amoxicillin (n = 17, 8. 1%), Clarithromycin (n = 20, 9. 5%), and Moxifloxacin (n = 13, 6. 2%), with 33. 3% of medications dispensed without a prescription for URTIs. Cefixime (n = 20, 9. 5%) and ceftriaxone (n = 17, 8. 1%) were the most often administered medications for urinary tract infections (UTIs). The non-prescribed dispensing of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) was markedly elevated (p 

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Concepts Keywords
Antibiotics Adult
Moxifloxacin Anti-Bacterial Agents
Pakistan Anti-Bacterial Agents
Pharmacies Antibiotics
Worldwide AWaRe classification
COVID-19
Cross-Sectional Studies
Diarrheal infections
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Pakistan
Pharmacies
Pharmacy
Respiratory Tract Infections
SARS-CoV-2
Urinary tract infection
Urinary Tract Infections

Semantics

Type Source Name
disease MESH COVID-19
disease MESH upper respiratory tract infections
drug DRUGBANK Amoxicillin
drug DRUGBANK Clarithromycin
drug DRUGBANK Moxifloxacin
drug DRUGBANK Cefixime
drug DRUGBANK Ceftriaxone
disease MESH urinary tract infections
pathway REACTOME Reproduction
drug DRUGBANK Coenzyme M
drug DRUGBANK Metronidazole
drug DRUGBANK Azithromycin
drug DRUGBANK Rifaximin
drug DRUGBANK Esomeprazole
disease MESH treatment failures
disease MESH drug toxicity
drug DRUGBANK Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
disease IDO bacteria
disease MESH infections
disease MESH viral infections
disease MESH secondary infections
drug DRUGBANK Spectinomycin
drug DRUGBANK Etoperidone
disease IDO process
drug DRUGBANK D-Proline
drug DRUGBANK Erythromycin
disease IDO history
disease MESH allergies
drug DRUGBANK Acetaminophen
drug DRUGBANK Orphenadrine
drug DRUGBANK Tramadol
drug DRUGBANK Montelukast
drug DRUGBANK Nimesulide
drug DRUGBANK Attapulgite
drug DRUGBANK Fexofenadine
drug DRUGBANK Diclofenac
drug DRUGBANK Loperamide
drug DRUGBANK Cetirizine
drug DRUGBANK Atropine
drug DRUGBANK Ebastine
drug DRUGBANK Diloxanide
disease IDO intervention
disease IDO country
disease IDO infection

Original Article

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