Publication date: Dec 31, 2025

Quantifying breathing effort in non-intubated patients is important but difficult. We aimed to develop two models to estimate it in patients treated with high-flow oxygen therapy. We analyzed the data of 260 patients from previous studies who received high-flow oxygen therapy. Their breathing effort was measured as the maximal deflection of esophageal pressure (ΔPes). We developed a multivariable linear regression model to estimate ΔPes (in cmHO) and a multivariable logistic regression model to predict the risk of ΔPes being >10 cmHO. Candidate predictors included age, sex, diagnosis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), respiratory rate, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, the results of arterial blood gas analysis, including base excess concentration (BEa) and the ratio of arterial tension to the inspiratory fraction of oxygen (PaO:FiO), and the product term between COVID-19 and PaO:FiO. We found that ΔPes can be estimated from the presence or absence of COVID-19, BEa, respiratory rate, PaO:FiO and the product term between COVID-19 and PaO:FiO The adjusted R was 0. 39. The risk of ΔPes being >10 cmHO can be predicted from BEa, respiratory rate, and PaO:FiO. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0. 79 (0. 73-0. 85). We called these two models BREF, where BREF stands for BReathing EFfort and the three common predictors: BEa (B), respiratory rate (RE), and PaO:FiO (F). We developed two models to estimate the breathing effort of patients on high-flow oxygen therapy. Our initial findings are promising and suggest that these models merit further evaluation.

Semantics

Original Article