Machine Learning Techniques Applied to COVID-19 Prediction: A Systematic Literature Review.

Publication date: May 13, 2025

COVID-19 was one of the most serious global public health emergencies in recent years, and its extremely fast spreading speed had a profound negative impact on society. A comprehensive analysis and prediction of COVID-19 could lay a theoretical foundation for monitoring and early warning systems. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, there has been an influx of research on predictive modelling, with artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, particularly machine learning (ML) methods, becoming the dominant research direction due to their superior capability in processing multidimensional datasets and capturing complex nonlinear transmission patterns. We systematically reviewed COVID-19 ML prediction models developed under the background of the epidemic using the PRISMA method. We used the selected keywords to screen the relevant literature of COVID-19 prediction using ML technology from 2020 to 2023 in the Web of Science, Springer and Elsevier databases. Based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 136 eligible studies were ultimately selected from 5731 preliminarily screened publications, and the datasets, data preprocessing, ML models, and evaluation metrics used in these studies were assessed. By establishing a multi-level classification framework that included traditional statistical models (such as ARIMA), ML models (such as SVM), deep learning (DL) models (such as CNN, LSTM), ensemble learning methods (such as AdaBoost), and hybrid models (such as the fusion architecture of intelligent optimization algorithms and neural networks), it revealed that the hybrid modelling strategy effectively improved the prediction accuracy of the model through feature combination optimization and model cascade integration. In addition, we compared the performance of ML models with other models in the COVID-19 prediction task. The results showed that the propagation of COVID-19 is affected by multiple factors, including meteorological and socio-economic conditions. Compared to traditional methods, ML methods demonstrated significant advantages in COVID-19 prediction, especially hybrid modelling strategies, which showed great potential in optimizing accuracy. However, these techniques face challenges and limitations despite their strong performance. By reviewing existing research on COVID-19 prediction, this study provided systematic theoretical support for AI applications in infectious disease prediction and promoted technological innovation in public health.

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Concepts Keywords
Bioengineering artificial intelligence
Cnn COVID-19
Epidemic machine learning
Intelligent predictive modelling
Springer public health

Semantics

Type Source Name
disease MESH COVID-19
disease MESH emergencies
disease MESH infectious disease
pathway REACTOME Infectious disease
drug DRUGBANK Coenzyme M
disease MESH panic
disease MESH death
disease IDO country
drug DRUGBANK Isoxaflutole
disease IDO process
drug DRUGBANK Sulpiride
disease IDO blood
disease IDO algorithm
disease IDO quality
drug DRUGBANK Trestolone
drug DRUGBANK Aspartame
drug DRUGBANK Medical air
drug DRUGBANK L-Phenylalanine
disease MESH infection
drug DRUGBANK Honey
disease IDO colony
drug DRUGBANK Abacavir
drug DRUGBANK Tretamine
drug DRUGBANK Elm
drug DRUGBANK Methyl isocyanate
drug DRUGBANK Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
drug DRUGBANK D-Tryptophan
disease MESH privacy
drug DRUGBANK Ethionamide
drug DRUGBANK Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
drug DRUGBANK Ribavirin
disease MESH chronic hepatitis
disease MESH pneumonia
disease MESH influenza
disease MESH avian influenza
disease MESH Nosocomial Infection
drug DRUGBANK Flunarizine
drug DRUGBANK Serine
disease MESH long COVID
drug DRUGBANK Human vaccinia virus immune globulin

Original Article

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