Publication date: May 28, 2025
In 2023, the WHO declared the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, cautioning that the virus will continue to mutate and may cause sporadic outbreaks. Vaccination was critical in controlling the pandemic, though concerns persist about long-term immunity and the need for booster doses. The study aimed to assess whether vaccination enhances immunity beyond natural infection and determine the ongoing need for booster doses. This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted across ten districts in Uttar Pradesh, India, to evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses in vaccinated individuals (ChAdOx1nCoV-19 vaccine & BBV152) or those previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Six hundred forty-three participants were assessed for cellular immunity and 7000 for humoral immunity. Anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), and various subsets of memory T-cells were analyzed via flow cytometry. The study revealed that vaccination significantly elevated antibody titers compared to natural infection (p
| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Antibodies | Antibodies |
| Chadox1ncov | CD4 + T |
| Pandemic | CD8 + T |
| Vaccination | COVID-19 |
| Flow cytometry | |
| Immunity | |
| Vaccination |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
| disease | MESH | infection |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Pentaerythritol tetranitrate |