Publication date: Jun 09, 2025

Background: Of the hundreds of millions of COVID-19 cases globally, most have been non-fatal, though “Long COVID” after acute infection has been documented in many. While many studies have reported post-COVID increases chronic disease incidence including hypertension (HTN), racial/ethnic minority study participants are underrepresented and studies often lacks controls for potential confounds. Methods: We conducted a case-control cohort time-to-event study of 39,746 individuals incarcerated in 31 California state prisons. The main outcome was incident diagnosed HTN among individuals incarcerated continuously since January 1, 2019 with no HTN diagnosis prior to March 1, 2020 (beginning of the unexposed period of observation). The main exposure was a positive COVID-19 test, with the exposure period beginning 31 days afterwards (post-acute period). Covariates included age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, and blood pressure at the pandemic’s start, frequency of healthcare contacts prior to the pandemic, and COVID-19 testing frequency prior to testing positive. We excluded individuals who lacked BMI or blood pressure measurements prior to or during the pandemic or were never tested for COVID-19 along with those who had been prescribed blood pressure-altering medications. We estimated multivariate Cox proportional hazard models: 1) exposure variable and covariates; 2) adding interactions between the exposure and each covariate. We assessed whether confounding due to changes in HTN testing post-COVID could explain our results. Results: COVID-19 infection significantly increased the rate of incident HTN (main effects model HRR: 1.44 [95%CI: 1.32-1.57]; including interactions HRR: 2.05 [1.50-2.79]). If all individuals in our study had a COVID-19 infection, the 2-year cumulative risk of hypertension was 7.1% [5.7%-8.5%] versus 5.0% [4.2%-5.9%] if none had been infected. The largest absolute effects of COVID-19 on HTN incidence were in those with higher BMIs, higher pre-pandemic blood pressure levels and older ages. Our findings remained consistent with different definitions of the post-acute period and to confounding due to changes in HTN testing post-COVID. Conclusion: COVID-19 increases the risk of incident hypertension long after acute infection. As so many people have had COVID-19 and elevated blood pressure, additional provider awareness and clinical consideration are warranted.

PDF

Semantics

Download Document