Publication date: Jun 17, 2025

Flexible surface enhancing Raman scattering (SERS) substrates have garnered significant research interest for in situ and on-site detection. However, conventional flexible materials often lack additional functionalities for SERS enhancement and introduce strong background fluorescence. This study integrates thermoelectric PEDOT:PSS with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Ag films to develop a multifunctional flexible SERS platform. Experimental results demonstrate that the thermoelectric field generated by PEDOT:PSS effectively modulates the carrier concentration of AgNPs, enhancing SERS sensitivity via chemical/electromagnetic mechanisms. The optimized substrate achieved detection limits as low as 0. 005% for microplastics and 10 M for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Furthermore, the thermoelectric effect enables the active regulation of SERS performance while suppressing substrate-derived fluorescence interference. This work provides fundamental insights into the thermoelectric modulation mechanism of SERS activity and advances the development of intelligent, flexible sensors for practical analytical applications.

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Original Article