Publication date: Jul 08, 2025
The COVID-19 pandemic and related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) significantly alter the transmission dynamics of non-SARS-CoV-2 infectious diseases, with respiratory infections such as influenza being disproportionately affected. We aim to compare influenza’s epidemiological characteristics between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods to inform public health responses. We develop two influenza transmission models incorporating age structure and multi-strain dynamics, featuring time-varying transmission and mortality rates. Using publicly available U. S. data, we calibrate these models to evaluate age- and strain-specific transmission patterns and mortality rates across different pandemic eras. Our analysis reveals that during the final pandemic year, influenza transmission among adults ([Formula: see text] years) initially declined but rebounded to pre-pandemic levels within the first post-pandemic year following NPI relaxation and behavioral normalization, while transmission stability persists in the
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| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Fatality | Covid |
| Influenza | Dynamics |
| Pharmaceutical | Fatality |
| Relaxation | Infectivity |
| Year | Influenza |
| Models | |
| Mortality | |
| Pandemic | |
| Post | |
| Pre | |
| Rates | |
| Related | |
| Strain | |
| Transmission | |
| Year |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | IDO | infectivity |
| disease | MESH | influenza |
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 pandemic |
| disease | MESH | infectious diseases |
| disease | MESH | respiratory infections |
| pathway | REACTOME | Reproduction |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Coenzyme M |
| disease | MESH | Long COVID |