Predictors of Impaired Treatment Outcomes in COVID-19: A Single-Center Observational Study from Serbia.

ingentiumby ingentium

In Long Covid Literature.

Publication date: Jul 02, 2025

Background: COVID-19 disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); it is characterized by a hypercoagulable state that results in an increased risk for embolic and thrombotic vascular complications. The incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) in COVID-19 varies between 20 and 30%. In addition to PE, older age, male sex, the presence of comorbidities, invasive mechanical ventilation, and prolonged hospitalization in intensive care units (ICUs) seem to be the main predictors for impaired treatment outcomes in COVID-19. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational single-center study was conducted between 1 September 2021 and 24 December 2021 involving 2111 patients admitted to the COVID Hospital “Batajnica”, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade. A total of 200 consecutive patients were enrolled in study. Patients were divided into two groups-the study group (100 patients), with COVID-19 and PE, and the control group (100 patients), with COVID-19 but without PE. Results: According to the multivariate regression analysis, the predictors of impaired outcomes in COVID-19 patients are age (p < 0. 001; OR 1. 134; 95% HR 1. 062-1. 211), C reactive protein level (CRP) (p = 0. 043; OR 1. 006; 95% 1. 000-1. 013), invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) (p < 0. 001; OR 58. 72; 95% HR 13. 784-254. 189), pulmonary embolism (PE) (p = 0. 025; OR 3. 718; 95% HR 1. 183-11. 681), and hospitalization in ICU (p = 0. 012; OR 9. 673; 95% 1. 660-56. 363). Conclusions: We report increased mortality and mechanical ventilation rates in COVID-19 patients with acute PE. Older age, elevated levels of CRP, hospitalization in ICU, and PE present independent predictors for impaired outcomes in COVID-19 patients. To determine predictors for treatment outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and their associations with clinical and laboratory parameters.

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Concepts Keywords
Belgrade COVID-19
Coronavirus mechanical ventilation
December pulmonary embolism
Hospitalization SARS-CoV-2

Semantics

Type Source Name
disease MESH COVID-19
disease MESH complications
disease MESH pulmonary embolism
drug DRUGBANK Coenzyme M
disease MESH Pulmonary Tuberculosis
disease MESH hypertension
drug DRUGBANK Honey
disease MESH obesity
disease MESH cerebrovascular disease
disease MESH kidney failure
disease IDO history
disease MESH syndromes
disease MESH interstitial pneumonia
disease MESH respiratory failure
disease MESH COPD
drug DRUGBANK Fibrinogen Human
drug DRUGBANK Thrombin
drug DRUGBANK Beroctocog alfa
disease MESH inflammation
pathway KEGG Platelet activation
disease MESH myocarditis
disease MESH heart failure
disease MESH pneumonia
disease MESH tachycardia
disease MESH dyspnea
disease MESH hypoxia
disease IDO process
disease MESH blood clot
disease MESH deep vein thrombosis
drug DRUGBANK Podofilox
disease IDO assay
disease IDO protein
disease IDO blood
drug DRUGBANK Oxygen
disease MESH lung disease
disease MESH cardiovascular disease
disease MESH diabetes mellitus
disease MESH malignancy
disease MESH chest pain
disease IDO intervention
disease MESH breath holding
disease MESH asthma
pathway KEGG Asthma
drug DRUGBANK Nesiritide

Original Article

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