Publication date: Aug 01, 2025
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a substantial global threat. SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins (NSPs) are essential for impeding the host replication mechanism while also assisting in the production and organization of new viral components. However, NSPs are not incorporated into viral particles, and their subsequent fate within host cells remains poorly understood. Additionally, their role in viral pathogenesis requires further investigation. This study aimed to discover the ultimate fate of NSP6 in host cells and to elucidate its role in viral pathogenesis. We investigated the effects of NSP6 on cell death and explored the underlying mechanism; moreover, we examined the degradation mechanism of NSP6 in human cells, along with analysing its correlation with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). NSP6 was demonstrated to induce cell death. Specifically, NSP6 interacted with EI24 autophagy-associated transmembrane protein (EI24) to increase intracellular Ca levels, thereby enhancing the interactions between unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) and RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1 (RB1CC1/FIP200), as well as beclin 1 (BECN1) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3). This cascade ultimately triggers autophagy, thus resulting in cell death. Additionally, we discovered that the homeostasis of the NSP6 protein was regulated by K48-linked ubiquitination. We identified kelch-like protein 22 (KLHL22) as the E3 ligase that was responsible for ubiquitinating and degrading NSP6, restoring intracellular calcium homeostasis and reversing NSP6-induced autophagic cell death. Moreover, NSP6 expression levels were observed to be positively associated with the severity of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease. This study reveals that KLHL22-mediated ubiquitination controls NSP6 stability and that NSP6 induces autophagic cell death via calcium overload, highlighting its cytotoxic role and suggesting therapeutic strategies that target calcium signaling or promote NSP6 degradation as potential interventions against COVID-19.
