Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity.

ingentiumby ingentium

In Vaccines Literature.

Publication date: Jul 21, 2025

Background/Objectives: The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the limitations of parenteral vaccines in preventing viral transmission, largely due to their failure to elicit robust mucosal immunity. Methods: Here, we evaluated an intranasal (IN) vaccine formulation consisting of recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) adsorbed onto human probiotic Bacillus subtilis DG101 spores. Results: In BALB/c mice, IN spore-RBD immunization induced strong systemic and mucosal humoral responses, including elevated specific IgG, IgM, and IgA levels in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and saliva. It further promoted mucosal B cell and T cell memory, along with a Th1/Tc1-skewed T cell response, characterized by increased IFN-γ-expressing CD4 and CD8 T cells in the lungs. Conclusions: All in all, these findings highlight the potential of intranasal vaccines adjuvanted with probiotic B. subtilis spores in inducing sterilizing immunity and limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

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Concepts Keywords
Cd4 Bacillus subtilis spores
Mice COVID-19
Mucosal mucosal vaccination
Probiotic
Vaccine

Semantics

Type Source Name
disease IDO cell
disease MESH Infection
disease MESH COVID 19
disease MESH Syndrome
pathway KEGG Viral replication
disease IDO production
disease IDO host
disease MESH viral infection
drug DRUGBANK Coenzyme M
disease IDO pathogen
drug DRUGBANK Water
disease IDO blood
pathway REACTOME Hemostasis
drug DRUGBANK Pilocarpine
disease MESH dehydration
drug DRUGBANK Pentobarbital
disease MESH exsanguination
drug DRUGBANK Ranitidine
disease IDO process
drug DRUGBANK Streptomycin
pathway REACTOME Digestion
drug DRUGBANK Collagenase clostridium histolyticum
drug DRUGBANK Edetic Acid
disease IDO assay
drug DRUGBANK Sodium carbonate
drug DRUGBANK Sodium bicarbonate
drug DRUGBANK Biotin
drug DRUGBANK Urea
drug DRUGBANK Immune Globulin Human
drug DRUGBANK Acetate ion
drug DRUGBANK Calcium
drug DRUGBANK Hyaluronic acid
drug DRUGBANK Gold
drug DRUGBANK Aluminum hydroxide
disease IDO immune response
disease IDO humoral immune response
disease MESH dissociation
disease IDO primary infection
disease MESH respiratory tract infection
disease MESH breakthrough infections
disease MESH influenza
disease MESH PRRs
disease IDO toxin
disease MESH weight loss
disease IDO replication
disease MESH pneumonia
drug DRUGBANK Guanosine
drug DRUGBANK (S)-Des-Me-Ampa
disease MESH emergency
disease MESH Chronic Diseases
disease MESH diabetes mellitus
pathway KEGG Biofilm formation
drug DRUGBANK Clostridium tetani toxoid antigen (formaldehyde inactivated)
drug DRUGBANK Ademetionine
disease MESH clinical progression
disease MESH Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
disease MESH respiratory diseases
drug DRUGBANK Rotavirus Vaccine

Original Article

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