Publication date: Aug 31, 2025
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare systems globally, raising concerns about its negative impact on patients with chronic liver diseases by contributing to hepatic decompensations such as acute variceal bleeding (AVB). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical outcomes in cirrhotic patients with AVB in Germany. Methods: This retrospective national multicenter study compared patients with cirrhosis and AVB treated at four tertiary care centers in Germany before (2016-2020) and during the pandemic (2020-2022). The primary endpoint was 6-week mortality, and secondary outcomes included infections, transfusion requirement and rebleeding. Results: The baseline characteristics of the 247 patients were largely comparable between the two groups, however metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease was more prevalent during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period (12. 5% vs. 4. 8%, p = 0. 048). Only one patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Six-week mortality (32. 2% vs. 30. 1%; p = 0. 767) and rebleeding rates (22. 8% vs. 22. 3%; p = 1. 000) did not differ significantly between groups. Interestingly, intubation rates, length of stay on the intensive care unit, post AVB infection rates and types of infection were also comparable (all p > 0. 05), while transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement (TIPS) after bleeding was performed more frequently during the pandemic (23. 2% vs. 11. 3%, p = 0. 019). Conclusions: Relevant patient-related AVB outcomes were unaffected during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings suggest the resilience of critical AVB management practices in German tertiary centers. The increased use of TIPS and MASLD prevalence during the pandemic may reflect evolving clinical practice and patient profiles warranting further investigation.
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| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Germany | acute variceal bleeding |
| Hepatic | cirrhosis |
| Retrospective | COVID-19 |
| pandemic | |
| portal hypertension | |
| upper gastrointestinal bleeding |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | Bleeding |
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 pandemic |
| disease | MESH | liver diseases |
| disease | MESH | cirrhosis |
| disease | MESH | infections |
| disease | IDO | infection |
| disease | MESH | Infectious Diseases |
| disease | MESH | portal hypertension |
| disease | MESH | chronic diseases |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Albendazole |
| disease | MESH | hepatitis |
| disease | MESH | liver cirrhosis |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Ethanol |
| disease | MESH | complications |
| disease | MESH | morbidity |
| disease | MESH | emergency |
| disease | MESH | death |
| disease | IDO | intervention |
| disease | IDO | blood |
| disease | MESH | bacterial infections |
| disease | MESH | melena |
| disease | MESH | hematochezia |
| disease | MESH | varices |
| disease | MESH | peritonitis |
| disease | MESH | esophageal varices |
| disease | MESH | etiology |
| disease | MESH | ascites |
| disease | MESH | hepatic encephalopathy |
| disease | MESH | comorbidity |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Creatinine |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Prothrombin |
| pathway | REACTOME | Hemostasis |
| disease | MESH | shock |
| disease | MESH | Syncope |
| disease | IDO | history |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Acetylsalicylic acid |
| disease | MESH | Autoimmune Hepatitis |