Scalable Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Detect SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein at 1 fg/mL Limit

Publication date: Sep 24, 2025

Researchers functionalized the graphene with the human ACE2 receptor, a protein the virus uses to enter cells, enabling specific binding of the spike protein and subsequent detection. The work centers on a scalable matrix of graphene field-effect transistors, functionalized with the ACE2 receptor to specifically bind the receptor binding domain of the viruss spike protein. This innovative approach utilizes high-quality, single-crystal graphene, leveraging its exceptional electrical properties and high surface-to-volume ratio for sensitive biomolecular detection. This design allows for sensitive detection of biomolecules binding to the functionalized graphene surface, altering the transistors electrical characteristics. These sensors aim to identify even extremely low concentrations of the spike protein, offering the potential for early and accurate detection. The biosensors are built on large-area, high-quality graphene grown through chemical vapor deposition, allowing for scalable production and integration into diagnostic devices. Researchers employ a variety of techniques to analyze the graphene and the biosensors. Raman spectroscopy assesses graphene quality, identifies defects, and measures strain.

Semantics

Original Article