Publication date: Dec 14, 2025
Chest radiography (CXR is widely used for triage and follow-up of pulmonary disease, yet COVID-19 classification remains vulnerable to bias, label noise, and domain shift. We propose a multi-stage Bayesian deep learning framework that combines lung segmentation, segmentation-guided classification, calibrated ensembling, and uncertainty estimation to classify four classes (COVID-19, normal, viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia) and to grade COVID-19 severity. Models are trained and tested on 1,531 CXRs (100 COVID-19 images from 70 patients; 1,431 non-COVID images from ChestX-ray14) with patient-wise splits. The final ensemble achieves 98. 33% test accuracy; COVID-19 sensitivity reaches 100% on this split. Robustness is quantified by stress-testing five image degradations (Gaussian noise, motion/defocus blur, JPEG compression, and downsampling), with macro AUC drops remaining small at moderate severities and larger under strong blur or heavy downsampling. Saliency and context-relevance analyses are used to identify spurious cues. The study is limited by dataset size and lack of external multi-site validation; a planned evaluation on COVIDx and BIMCV-COVID19 + is outlined.
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| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Patient | Baysian deep learning |
| Pneumonia | Chest X-ray images |
| Viral | COVID-19 detection |
| Pneumonia classification | |
| Statisical analysis |