Extracellular vesicles: the double-edged sword in viral infections.

ingentiumby ingentium

In Discovery Literature.

Extracellular vesicles: the double-edged sword in viral infections.

Publication date: Dec 19, 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanocarriers released by various eukaryotic cells and found in diverse bodily fluids. EVs have transitioned from being considered cellular waste disposers to significant players in intercellular communication and signaling. These EVs carry signature cargos of infected cells and thus can be helpful as biomarkers or prognostic markers for infectious diseases. Viruses can manipulate the EV biogenesis machinery in their own dissemination. EVs released from virus-infected cells can carry immune modulatory molecules, thus contributing to disease progression. This comprehensive review collates the information on the impact of EVs on viral infection and disease progression.

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Concepts Keywords
Biomarkers dengue
Eukaryotic EVs
Nanocarriers extracellular vesicles
Sword HIV
Viruses immune modulation
nanocarriers
pathogenesis
SARS-CoV-2
vaccines
viral infection

Semantics

Type Source Name
disease MESH viral infections
disease MESH infectious diseases
disease MESH disease progression
disease MESH dengue
pathway REACTOME Budding
pathway KEGG Endocytosis
disease MESH infection
pathway KEGG Viral replication
disease MESH Kaposi sarcoma
disease MESH leukemia
disease MESH Influenza
disease MESH T cell leukemia
disease MESH HTLV infection
disease MESH Japanese encephalitis
pathway KEGG Virion
pathway REACTOME Apoptosis
disease MESH neuroblastoma
disease MESH Rift Valley fever
disease MESH Hepatitis
disease MESH death
disease MESH HIV infection
pathway REACTOME HIV Infection
disease MESH TAR
pathway KEGG Cholesterol metabolism
disease MESH inflammation
pathway REACTOME Immune System
disease MESH neurological disorders
drug DRUGBANK Uracil
drug DRUGBANK Propylthiouracil
disease MESH strain
disease MESH SARS CoV 2 infection
drug DRUGBANK Trestolone
pathway REACTOME Metabolism
pathway REACTOME Complement cascade
disease MESH thrombus
drug DRUGBANK Fibrinogen Human
disease MESH cytokine storms
disease MESH lung injury
disease MESH coronavirus infections
disease MESH NS5
pathway REACTOME Release
disease MESH fever
pathway REACTOME Autophagy
disease MESH pathological processes
disease MESH severe dengue
disease MESH included
disease MESH NS3
disease MESH cancer
disease MESH encephalitis
disease MESH NS1
pathway REACTOME Translation
drug DRUGBANK Dihydrostreptomycin
disease MESH chikungunya virus infection
disease MESH AIDS
disease MESH herpesvirus infection
disease MESH vesicular stomatitis
disease MESH Dis
drug DRUGBANK Dantron
disease MESH nasopharyngeal carcinoma
disease MESH Burkitt’s lymphoma
disease MESH murine AIDS
drug DRUGBANK Tretamine
disease MESH AML
disease MESH MHA
drug DRUGBANK Creatinolfosfate
drug DRUGBANK Ibudilast
disease MESH dementia
drug DRUGBANK Cycloserine
disease MESH DCs
drug DRUGBANK Vorinostat
drug DRUGBANK Guanosine
disease MESH neurocognitive disorders
disease MESH severe acute respiratory syndrome
drug DRUGBANK Angiotensin II
drug DRUGBANK Sulfasalazine
drug DRUGBANK (S)-Des-Me-Ampa
drug DRUGBANK Diflunisal
disease MESH recurrence
disease MESH breast cancer
pathway KEGG Breast cancer
disease MESH Alzheimer’s disease
disease MESH heart failure
disease MESH chronic infection
pathway REACTOME Fatty acids
disease MESH zika virus infection
disease MESH acute lung injury
disease MESH acute renal failure
drug DRUGBANK L-Asparagine

Original Article

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