Publication date: Dec 17, 2025
Electronic health record (EHR)-based observational studies can rapidly provide real-world data on vaccine effectiveness (VE), though EHR data may be prone to misclassification and unmeasured confounding. In VEBIS-EHR, a retrospective multi-country COVID-19 VE cohort study, we examined unmeasured confounding using a negative control outcome (death not related to COVID-19) and misclassification due to timing of data extraction. The evaluation spanned two periods (November-December 2023, January-February 2024), encompassing up to 18. 7 million individuals across six EU/EEA countries. Vaccine confounding-adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. aHRs against non-COVID-19 mortality ranged from 0. 35 (95% CI: 0. 28-0. 44) to 0. 70 (0. 66-0. 73) when comparing vaccinated versus unvaccinated. Delaying EHR data extraction modestly increased the capture of outcome and exposure events, with some variation by vaccination status. Site-level fluctuations in aHRs did not meaningfully alter the overall pooled VE, suggesting stable estimates despite misclassification related to extraction timing. We observed some evidence of unmeasured confounding when using non-COVID-19 deaths as a negative outcome, though the specificity of our negative control must be considered. This result may suggest overestimation of VE, but also the need for further analysis with more specific negative control outcomes and confounding-adjustment techniques. Addressing such confounding using richer data sources and more refined approaches remains critical to ensure accurate, timely VE estimates based on retrospective cohorts constructed using registry data. Extending the delay between the end of observation and data extraction modestly improves the completeness of exposure and outcome data, with limited effect on pooled VE estimates.
Open Access PDF
| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| February | Bias |
| Overestimation | COVID-19 |
| Retrospective | Electronic health records |
| Vaccine | Evaluation |
| Frailty bias | |
| Healthy-vaccinee bias | |
| Methods | |
| Vaccine effectiveness |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | death |
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
| pathway | REACTOME | Reproduction |
| disease | MESH | included |
| disease | MESH | Vaccine Preventable Diseases |
| disease | MESH | Infectious Diseases |
| disease | MESH | frailty |
| disease | MESH | infection |
| disease | MESH | influenza |
| disease | MESH | bone fractures |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Isoxaflutole |
| drug | DRUGBANK | (S)-Des-Me-Ampa |
| disease | MESH | Rai |
| disease | MESH | Dis |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Coenzyme M |
| disease | MESH | ICH |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Sodium hydroxide |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Dichlorobenzene |
| disease | MESH | DCB |
| disease | MESH | pds |
| disease | MESH | PMC |