Positive childhood experiences and adulthood loneliness and social participation in Japan: Exploring their mitigating effects for adverse childhood experiences.

Publication date: Dec 20, 2025

Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are linked to better adult mental health, but their impact on loneliness and social participation remains underexplored, especially in the context of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). This study examines how family-based and community-based PCEs relate to adult loneliness and social participation in Japan, and whether these associations vary by ACE exposure. We analyzed data from 22,028 Japanese adults (aged 18-64) using the 2023 Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey. Loneliness was measured with the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale, with scores ≥5 indicating elevated loneliness. Social participation was defined as engaging in community activities at least once per month. Data on PCEs and ACEs were obtained retrospectively. PCEs were categorized into family-based (FPCEs; 0-3) and community-based (CPCEs; 0-4). Linear probability models estimated associations, with subgroup analyses by ACE count and robustness checks using Oster’s method. Item-level analyses further explored differential effects. CPCEs were consistently associated with lower loneliness and higher social participation across all ACE groups. FPCEs showed weaker and less stable effects, with some items linked to increased loneliness and reduced participation, especially among those without ACEs. Item-level analysis revealed that only one FPCE-talking to family about feelings-was protective. All CPCE items showed consistent benefits, with school belonging and community event enjoyment having the strongest effects, particularly among individuals with high ACE exposure. Community-based PCEs can protect against loneliness and promote social engagement, even among those with childhood adversity. These findings support strengthening community support systems to enhance long-term social well-being.

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Original Article