Publication date: May 20, 2026
Persistent dyspnea despite normal cardiopulmonary structure is a frequent but poorly understood long-term sequela of COVID-19. Scant data exist on the multidimensional clinical profiles that underlie dyspnea in this setting. We aimed to characterize multidimensional phenotypes associated with persistent dyspnea several years after COVID-19 hospitalization. Post-hospitalization COVID-19 survivors without structural cardiopulmonary disease underwent assessment 41-47 months after acute infection, including respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm and parasternal intercostal ultrasound, exercise capacity, peripheral muscle evaluation, and patient-reported outcomes. Predefined univariate analyses examined associations with persistent dyspnea (mMRC ≥ 2) and inspiratory muscle weakness (MIP and SNIP
| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| 47months | COVID-19 survivors |
| Cardiopulmonary | Diaphragm ultrasound |
| Hospitalization | Inspiratory muscle weakness |
| Poorly | Multidimensional phenotyping |
| Predefined | Persistent dyspnea |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | Dyspnea |
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
| disease | MESH | infection |
| disease | MESH | muscle weakness |
| disease | MESH | MIP |
| disease | MESH | Long Covid |