Publication date: May 11, 2026
Background: Although several risk factors have been reported for long COVID (LC), reliable biomarkers for this illness remain lacking. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, a major mediator of growth hormones, plays an important role in metabolism, neuroprotection, and systemic homeostasis, and therefore may be useful in predicting the severity and prognosis of LC. Methods: This study included patients who visited a specialized clinic for long COVID between 2022 and 2025 during the Omicron period and had serum IGF-I measurements taken. IGF-I levels were expressed as age- and sex-adjusted standard deviation scores (IGF-I SD), and patients were classified into low (SD
| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Depressive | COVID-19 |
| Insulin | fatigue |
| Laboratory | IGF-I |
| Reliable | long COVID |
| recovery |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | Long COVID |
| pathway | REACTOME | Metabolism |
| disease | MESH | included |
| disease | MESH | fatigue |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Sodium lauryl sulfate |
| disease | MESH | SDS |
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
Original Article
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