Publication date: Jun 10, 2026
Vitamin D has been implicated in modulating immune responses to COVID-19 and anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. However, whether chronic cholecalciferol supplementation influences the risk of post-vaccination breakthrough infection remains unclear. This retrospective observational study investigated the role of chronic vitamin D supplementation and circulating 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations on SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection after mRNA vaccination. Adult patients vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Individuals chronically supplemented with cholecalciferol were compared with non-supplemented subjects and subsequently matched 1:1 for age, sex, and comorbidities. Breakthrough infection within 12 months after vaccination was recorded. A total of 114 patients were evaluated; 70 (61. 4%) received chronic cholecalciferol supplementation and 27 (23. 7%) developed breakthrough infection. Infection occurred less frequently among supplemented patients (17% vs. 34%, p = 0. 044). Circulating 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations were significantly lower in patients with infection (p
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| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Bnt162b2 | anti-COVID-19 vaccine |
| Covid | cholecalciferol |
| Retrospective | COVID-19 |
| Vaccinated | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Vitamin | vaccination |
| Vitamin D |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| drug | DRUGBANK | Cholecalciferol |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Vitamin D |
| disease | MESH | breakthrough infection |
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
| pathway | REACTOME | SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
| disease | MESH | included |
| disease | MESH | Infection |