Publication date: Jun 17, 2026
During the pandemic, Australia experienced relatively stringent restrictions and a distinctive life expectancy trend. This study assesses the contribution of multiple causes of death to these trends, as well as geographic differences in life expectancy, during the pandemic across Australia. Data on deaths by age, sex, cause and capital city classification in Australian death registration data from 2017 to 2023 were accessed from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. We estimated life expectancy at birth and applied decomposition techniques to quantify the contribution of multiple causes of death to changes in life expectancy, including by capital city. Multiple cause of death analysis measured whether a death involved respiratory infections and/or COVID-19, and the accompanying underlying cause of death. Over half the 0. 6 years life expectancy increase from 2017-19 to 2020 was from fewer deaths involving respiratory infections such as pneumonia, especially at age 80 years and above. Following a small life expectancy decline from 2020 to 2021, most of the 0. 7 years decline in life expectancy in from 2021 to 2022 resulted from large increases in COVID-19 mortality following relaxation of restrictions. Deaths with a respiratory infection but not involving COVID-19 mostly had a non-communicable disease such as cardiovascular disease as the underlying cause. All geographic regions mirrored national trends by experiencing life expectancy increases in 2020 (especially from lower respiratory infection mortality) and declines in 2022 due to rising COVID-19 deaths, with the worst trends in Melbourne. Australia experienced large fluctuations in life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic that were unique compared with many other high-income countries. The life expectancy increase in 2020 was mostly due to reduced circulation of respiratory infections like pneumonia during restrictions. However, upon cessation of restrictions in 2022, a large increase in COVID-19 mortality led to substantial life expectancy falls. Life expectancy trends did not vary greatly by capital city because restrictions were effective at preventing further deaths from COVID-19 after local outbreaks. Multiple cause of death data are very useful to understand the interaction of COVID-19, respiratory infections and non-communicable diseases during pandemic and the role of pandemic-related restrictions.
Open Access PDF
| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Australia | Australia |
| Death | COVID-19 |
| Pneumonia | Geographic differences. |
| Sex | Life expectancy |
| Mortality |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 pandemic |
| disease | MESH | death |
| disease | MESH | respiratory infections |
| disease | MESH | pneumonia |
| disease | MESH | non-communicable disease |
| disease | MESH | cardiovascular disease |
| pathway | REACTOME | Reproduction |
| disease | MESH | included |
| disease | MESH | Arts |
| disease | MESH | influenza |
| disease | MESH | injuries |
| disease | MESH | ICD |
| disease | MESH | communicable disease |
| disease | MESH | infection |
| disease | MESH | community acquired pneumonia |
| disease | MESH | bronchiolitis |
| disease | MESH | Respiratory failure |
| disease | MESH | dementia |
| disease | MESH | cancers |
| disease | MESH | respiratory diseases |
| disease | MESH | frailty |
| disease | MESH | hospital acquired pneumonia |
| disease | MESH | tuberculosis |
| pathway | KEGG | Tuberculosis |