Patient Safety Implications of Opportunistic Pathogens and Healthcare-Associated Infections in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review.

ingentiumby ingentium

In Clinical Literature.

Publication date: Jun 08, 2026

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the increased vulnerability of hospitalized patients to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which significantly impact patient safety and clinical outcomes. This narrative review summarizes the main opportunistic pathogens associated with HAIs in COVID-19 patients, with particular focus on multidrug-resistant organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp. The review also examines key aspects of antimicrobial resistance, prevention and control strategies, and medico-legal implications. The evidence supports the need for a multifaceted approach based on antibiotic stewardship, infection prevention guidelines, and multidisciplinary clinical risk management.

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Concepts Keywords
Acinetobacter antimicrobial stewardship
Covid healthcare-associated infections
Healthcare multidrug-resistant pathogens
Increased patient safety
Pneumoniae

Semantics

Type Source Name
disease MESH Infections
disease MESH COVID-19
disease MESH Healthcare Associated Infections
drug DRUGBANK Coenzyme M
disease MESH LICs
disease MESH coinfection
disease MESH superinfection
disease MESH tic
disease MESH included
disease MESH pneumonia
disease MESH bloodstream infections
disease MESH urinary tract infections
disease MESH critically ill
disease MESH nosocomial pneumonia
drug DRUGBANK Etoperidone
disease MESH emergency
disease MESH strains
drug DRUGBANK Colistin
drug DRUGBANK Meticillin
pathway KEGG Biofilm formation
pathway REACTOME Immune System
disease MESH catheter associated infections
disease MESH candidemia
disease MESH invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
disease MESH mucormycosis
disease MESH PDR
disease MESH bacteremia
drug DRUGBANK Hydrogen peroxide
disease MESH bed
disease MESH hos
disease MESH face
disease MESH cas
disease MESH bacterial infections
drug DRUGBANK Cysteamine
disease MESH death
disease MESH CAP
drug DRUGBANK Trestolone
disease MESH Ham
disease MESH Opportunistic Infections
drug DRUGBANK Vorinostat
drug DRUGBANK Imipenem
disease MESH Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
disease MESH Tuberculosis
pathway KEGG Tuberculosis
disease MESH Pulmonary Aspergillosis
disease MESH Dis
disease MESH Clostridioides difficile Infection
disease MESH Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
disease MESH infectious diseases
disease MESH Malaria
pathway KEGG Malaria
disease MESH Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
drug DRUGBANK (S)-Des-Me-Ampa
disease MESH Corpses
disease MESH injury

Original Article

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