Self-management of long COVID symptoms with over-the-counter medicines and other non-prescribed therapies: a cross-sectional survey.

Publication date: Jul 02, 2026

The high prevalence of long COVID globally necessitates investigation into its self-management, especially given the absence of definitive and effective treatments and uneven access to healthcare services. This study surveyed the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, supplements, remedies, and other non-prescription therapies for managing long COVID symptoms in the UK. It aimed to identify the range of treatments used for self-management, explore the sources of these treatments, factors influencing treatment choices, and associated out-of-pocket expenses. A cross-sectional electronic survey was provided to individuals experiencing long COVID. It included questions on the use of OTC medications, supplements, and other therapies, where they were sourced, decision-making influences, and financial costs. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were applied to analyse the data. Among the 193 surveyed participants, significant use of vitamins, minerals, and herbal treatments (88. 8%), and analgesics (73. 6%) was reported, with 42% exceeding recommended dosages. Some participants sought relief through alternative therapies such as physiotherapy and acupuncture, often incurring significant personal expenses. Choices about self-management were influenced by medical professionals, family, friends, and online sources, including support groups and social media. People with long COVID may access a wide range of OTC medicines, dietary supplements, herbal remedies, and non-pharmacological therapies to self-manage symptoms. Healthcare providers should be aware of the use of non-prescribed therapies among long COVID sufferers and consider these in their treatment plans. Public health policies should focus on providing accurate information and guidance for patients self-managing long COVID symptoms.

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Concepts Keywords
Alternative therapies
Long COVID
Over-the-counter medicines
Self-management

Semantics

Type Source Name
disease MESH long COVID
disease MESH included
pathway REACTOME Vitamins
disease MESH David
pathway REACTOME Reproduction
disease MESH SARS CoV 2 infection
disease MESH infection
disease MESH fatigue
disease MESH breathlessness
disease MESH NHS
disease MESH cough
drug DRUGBANK Oxygen
drug DRUGBANK Zinc
drug DRUGBANK Acetaminophen
drug DRUGBANK Ibuprofen
drug DRUGBANK Medical Cannabis
drug DRUGBANK Cocaine
drug DRUGBANK Melatonin
disease MESH medication overuse
disease MESH Muscle pain
disease MESH joint pain
disease MESH chest pain
disease MESH Face
drug DRUGBANK Histamine
disease MESH dysphonia
disease MESH anxiety
disease MESH brain fog
disease MESH reinfection
disease MESH neuropathic pain
drug DRUGBANK Cannabidiol
disease MESH CBD
drug DRUGBANK Amitriptyline
drug DRUGBANK Propranolol
drug DRUGBANK Tranexamic acid
disease MESH allergy
disease MESH GPs
drug DRUGBANK Naproxen
disease MESH back pain
drug DRUGBANK Cod liver oil
disease MESH hay fever
drug DRUGBANK Fexofenadine
drug DRUGBANK Codeine
disease MESH abdominal pain
drug DRUGBANK Ethanol
drug DRUGBANK Tropicamide
disease MESH dementia
disease MESH plan
disease MESH headache
disease MESH insomnia
drug DRUGBANK Magnesium
disease MESH nosocomial infection
drug DRUGBANK Ubidecarenone
disease MESH cognitive symptoms
disease MESH hypercalcemia
disease MESH anorexia
disease MESH nausea
disease MESH vomiting
disease MESH polyuria
drug DRUGBANK 3 7 11 15-Tetramethyl-Hexadecan-1-Ol
disease MESH ARC
disease MESH Sarcoma
drug DRUGBANK Huperzine B
drug DRUGBANK Coenzyme M
disease MESH syndrome
drug DRUGBANK L-Arginine
disease MESH MCS
disease MESH Dis
disease MESH Emergency
disease MESH vitamin deficiency
disease MESH Mul
disease MESH pmc
drug DRUGBANK Dihydrocodeine
drug DRUGBANK Acetylsalicylic acid
drug DRUGBANK Pholcodine
drug DRUGBANK Ambroxol
drug DRUGBANK Guaifenesin
drug DRUGBANK Alginic acid
drug DRUGBANK Loperamide
drug DRUGBANK Pseudoephedrine
drug DRUGBANK Curcumin
drug DRUGBANK Echinacea
drug DRUGBANK Loratadine
drug DRUGBANK Cetirizine
drug DRUGBANK Chlorphenamine
drug DRUGBANK Acrivastine
drug DRUGBANK Promethazine
drug DRUGBANK Amphetamine

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