Publication date: Oct 01, 2026
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) encompasses a range of persistent symptoms, including cognitive and autonomic disturbances, potentially linked to microvascular or neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Retinal imaging provides a non-invasive window into the central nervous system and vascular integrity. This study aimed to assess retinal structural and microvascular alterations in PCS patients and explore their relationship with symptom severity. In this monocentric, cross-sectional, exploratory study, we performed Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT Angiography (OCTA) in patients with PCS and a group of COVID-19 recovered individuals. Multiple circulating biomarkers reflecting endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation were measured. Associations with validated symptom scores (PCS Score, C19-YRS, PHQ-9, GAD-7) were evaluated. After adjusting for age and gender, no significant differences were observed in OCTA-derived vessel density (VD) or foveolar avascular zone (FAZ) between PCS patients and COVID-19-recovered controls. However, PCS patients exhibited significant thinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL), ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIP), and total macular volume (TMV). Lower values of these structural parameters were consistently observed in patients with higher symptom severity. Vascular parameters (VD and FAZ) were not related to clinical scores. Higher MCP-1 levels, a chemokine associated with chronic inflammation, were linked to lower inner nuclear layer and GCIP thickness. Structural retinal alterations in PCS were associated with symptom burden and may reflect underlying neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative processes. OCT parameters could serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers, warranting further investigation in longitudinal, multicenter studies.
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| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Angiography | Microvascular dysfunction |
| Biomarkers | Neuroinflammation |
| Nervous | OCT angiography (OCTA) |
| Nuclear | Post-COVID-19 syndrome |
| Recovered | Retinal biomarkers |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | post-COVID-19 syndrome |
| disease | MESH | PCS |
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
| disease | MESH | inflammation |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Sulodexide |
| disease | MESH | ganglion |
| disease | MESH | syndrome |
| disease | MESH | Infection |
| disease | MESH | Neuroinflammation |
| disease | MESH | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Coenzyme M |
| disease | MESH | fatigue |
| disease | MESH | dyspnea |
| disease | MESH | psychiatric disorders |
| disease | MESH | arthralgia |
| disease | MESH | myalgia |
| disease | MESH | myalgic encephalomyelitis |
| disease | MESH | viral infections |
| disease | MESH | injury |
| disease | MESH | hypoxemia |
| disease | MESH | neuromyelitis optica |
| disease | MESH | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| pathway | KEGG | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| disease | MESH | included |
| disease | MESH | image |
| disease | MESH | FSS |
| disease | MESH | Encephalomyelitis |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Von Willebrand Factor Human |
| disease | MESH | Ger |
| disease | MESH | face |
| disease | MESH | GCL |
| disease | MESH | Diabetic Retinopathy |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Saquinavir |
| disease | MESH | hypercholesterolemia |